MR-PRESSO outlier testing validated the significant MR findings, except for monocyte chemoattractant protein-3 (MCP-3) in lung cancer (including different pathologic types) (Supplementary Tables 6-9), and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and IL-5 in small-cell lung carcinoma, where limited SNPs were available (Supplementary Table 9). Here, IL5 is linked to small cell lung carcinoma.