In a recent clinical study of RT in combination with CTLA-4 blockade in chemo-refractory metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) where anti-CTLA-4 antibodies had failed to demonstrate significant efficacy alone or in combination with chemotherapy, RT and CTLA-4 blockade showed objective responses in 18% patients and 31% disease control and induced systemic anti-tumor T cells (10). Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.