Lactobacilli can produce SCFAs, amines, indoles and other small metabolites, thus playing a protective role in the mucosal immune system against pathogens and mitigating microbial dysbiosis [54, 55]. Lactobacillus murinus has been shown to promote the release of IL-10 from M2-macrophages through the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) signaling pathway, thereby alleviating intestinal ischemia–reperfusion injury [56]. The gene discussed is TLR2; the disease is ischemia.