On treating intestinal epithelial cells, SHWE suppressed apoptosis by reducing NF-κB expression; F-SHWE had a greater suppressive effect than SHWE by downregulating NF-κB and p53 expression, indicating that SHWE and F-SHWE have anti-obesity potential (Fig. 2). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.