TGFB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Prior research demonstrated that TGF-β promoted HCC growth, invasion, immune evasion, and ECM deposition.58 Galunisertib, a TGF-β inhibitor, showed promise in slowing advanced HCC development.59 Combining TGF-β targeting drugs in the future could inhibit HCC proliferation and immune evasion by reducing TGF-β expression, and concurrently down-regulate Sema3C expression to enhance efficacy in reducing drug resistance and preventing tumor recurrence.