MHCC-97L and Hep3B cells were treated with NRP1-targeting siRNA (Supplementary Fig. 3a, b), and results showed that knockdown of NRP1 attenuated Sema3C-induced chemoresistance, self-renewal, migration, and invasion of HCC cells compared to control cells (Supplementary Fig. 3c–e). The gene discussed is SEMA3C; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.