SEMA3C and hepatocellular carcinoma: Since ECM is largely produced by CAFs in the TME, we explored the role of secretory Sema3C on HSCs, a major source of CAFs in HCC.7 A previous study highlighted elevated Sema3C expression in liver fibrosis and HSCs, suggesting its role in HSC activation and fibrosis progression.50 However, our research focused on HCC progression, observing Sema3C expression in HCC tissues and cells.