The formation of such ECM is due to the characteristics of the liver cancer itself, and secondary hypoxia due to the blockade of the arteries supplying the liver cancer by the TACE treatment, which enhances the expression of HIF-1α and causes fibrotic changes in the ECM (Roy et al. 2023; Desert et al. 2023; Daniele et al. 2014). This evidence concerns the gene HIF1A and liver cancer.