Relevant studies have demonstrated that DOX can activate tumor-associated antigens, enhance the infiltration of effector T cells within tumor tissue, trigger an anti-tumor immune response, and enhance the tumor immune microenvironment (Yu et al. 2020; Xie et al. 2024). The findings of this research indicate that the combination of TACE and RLX can elevate the infiltration of CD8 + T cells in the tumor microenvironment, decrease the presence of Tregs, and lower the expression of PD-L1 in tumor cells. Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.