TNF and colorectal carcinoma: Of the eight cytokines, CSF-3 (P = 4.0 × 10–4) was downregulated, while IFN-γ (P = 2.0 × 10–4), IL-12p70 (P = 0.016), IL-18 (P < 0.001), IL-20 (P = 0.012), MIF (P = 7.0 × 10–3), TNF-α (P < 0.001), and TSLP (P < 0.001) were upregulated in the sera of patients with CRC compared to healthy controls (Table 2, Fig. 1A).