In addition, lower levels of MIP-1β in patients with CRC stage IV compared to healthy controls were noted, which was reminiscent of the recent findings on human CRC cell lines, and also an animal model for CRC liver metastasis [41], in which MIP-1β/CCL4 was implicated in carcinogenesis, likely by facilitating instability in the tumor environment [42]. Here, CCL4 is linked to colorectal carcinoma.