Recent data suggest that circulating biomolecules, including elevated N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)121–123 and elevated bone morphogenetic protein 10,124–127 can identify patients at risk of AF and of stroke because these biomolecules are associated with atrial dysfunction and AF.124,128 Combinations of these biomolecules can help to predict recurrent AF and may be useful proxies to find patients with a high AF burden. This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and Stroke.