Antagonizing NF-κB with the inhibitor IKK-16, which targets IκB kinase (IKK) and inhibits HCMV-induced inflammatory cytokine production (29), had little impact on HCMV infection at 24 hpi (Fig. 3E), suggesting that HCMV-induced peroxynitrite facilitates virus entry predominantly in an NF-κB-independent manner. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and cytomegalovirus infection.