CST3 and chronic kidney disease: These markers include beta-2-microglobulin, β-Trace protein, cystatin C, retinol-binding protein 4, and complement factor D. Notably, the anthocyanidins and flavonoids present in HS may act as new inhibitors for these inflammatory markers, which are implicated in CKD and cardiovascular diseases (Aleksenko et al., 2020 ▶; Argyropoulos et al., 2017 ▶; Farjo et al., 2012 ▶; McCullough et al., 2014 ▶; Okura et al., 2010 ▶; White, Ghazan-Shahi, and Adams, 2015 ▶), thereby providing more effective protection against the inflammatory state in CKD.