CASP9 and lung carcinoma: In an evaluation of the anti-tumor impact of PCA against lung cancer, this compound was able to induce mitochondrial apoptosis mechanism in vivo and in vitro by regulating caspase-3, caspase-9, Bad, Bax, and inhibiting Bcl2. It has led to cell death in lung cancer cells (Peng et al., 2015 ▶).