LEP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: It was shown in laboratorymodels that elevated blood levels of leptin in pregnantfemales, whether caused by genetic disorders or leptin administration,may have a beneficial effect on glucose metabolismand obesity in offspring fed a high-calorie diet (Stocker, Cawthorne,2008; Pollock et al., 2015; Talton et al., 2016; Denisovaet al., 2021).