INS and Insulin resistance: Peripheral insulin resistance originating from the skeletal muscles is the main driver for the development and progression of diabetes.18 Exercise improves glucose uptake of skeletal muscles through insulin-dependent and insulin-independent mechanisms, and regular exercise can continuously improve insulin sensitivity and glucose processing.19 Aerobic and resistance training programs can promote healthier skeletal muscles, adipose tissues, and hepatic and pancreatic functions, thereby enhancing muscle flexibility and the ability of glucose uptake.