HP and peptic ulcer disease: Hp infection can cause chronic inflammation of the digestive system, the host’s immune response, however, can rarely clear Hp.12 About 15% of the infected individuals may develop severe gastric and duodenal lesions.13 However, it is still not fully clarified and remains controversial with regard to the pathological mechanism of Hp on gastric mucosa and its role in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer.