INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: According to a local study, among 99 subjects with T1DM 16 (16.2%) and 53 (53.5%) were positive for IA2 and GAD-65 respectively, while 10 (10.1%) tested positive for both autoantibodies.7 However, there are other antibodies like insulin autoantibodies (IAA) and islet cell antibody (ICA) which have not been looked for in Pakistani children.