SPNS2 and colitis: Spns2-null mouse strains have been reported to have plasmaS1P concentrations ranging from no significant difference30−32 to 45% reduction in plasma S1P compared to wild type littermates.9,24,28,33 Further, studies of Spns2-null and Spns2 deficient mice demonstrateefficacy in the standard experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE) model, collagen-induced arthritis, and (dextran sulfate sodium)DSS-induced colitis further illustrating the potential of this transporteras a therapeutic target.29,34