TNF and endometrial cancer: Endometrial cancer is thought to arise in an environment of chronic, low-grade inflammation characterised by an increase of pre-diagnostic circulating levels of CRP, IL-6, TNFα, sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 and IL-1Ra (EPIC cohort) [76, 77], which have also been linked to high BMI [78, 79], highlighting the interrelationship of the obesity- inflammation- endometrial carcinogenesis axis.