Then, we clustered tumor cells using the FindClusters function with a resolution parameter of 0.3 in GSE159115, and we identified a tumor subtype, PLOD2 + SAA1 + ccRCC cells, which showed higher MECRGS scores, CNV scores, and stemness scores (Fig. 6A-D, Fig. S6A), suggesting a malignant status. Here, PLOD2 is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.