In our immunohistochemistry (IHC) and multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) analysis of the Renji TMA cohort, we observed that patients with advanced TNM stage had a higher infiltration of PLOD2 + SAA1 + tumor cells and elevated expression levels of C3 (Complement component 3), which positively correlated with increased infiltration of CD163 + M2 TAMs and FOXP3 + regulatory T cells (Tregs) (Fig. 8B-E). Here, CD163 is linked to neoplasm.