In a considerably larger validation cohort (“tmb_mskcc_2018”) comprising 1661 pan-cancer patients [28], 8 out of the top 20 ranked gene mutations from the discovery cohort were detected in patients who all underwent PD-1 or cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) blockade treatment (Fig. 6C, upper). This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and cancer.