In addition, we specifically examined rare variant associations with AAM or VB for ANOS1, CHD7, FGF8 and WDR11, which are clinically tested in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (‘high-evidence genes’ on the Genomics England IHH panel27) and show a dominant or X-linked mode of inheritance (Supplementary Table 7). Here, ANOS1 is linked to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.