All models estimate low 5-year survival expectation for the region with the lowest CD3 cell count and highest PD-L1 expression, i.e. the bottom-right corner of the grid, which is consistent with the previous studies10,21.The subregion with high PD-L1 expression also shows relatively low probability of survival, the right region of the grid in Fig. 2, which confirms the conclusion that a high level PD-L1 expression in resected tumor tissue is associated with worse prognosis for NSCLC patients11,16. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.