NFKB1 and inflammatory bowel disease: Additionally, the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and other signaling pathways results in the uncontrolled release of inflammatory cytokines during the IBD process and contributes to the inflammatory cascade reaction, the proliferation of memory T cells, and alterations in the intestinal microenvironment, ultimately resulting in the persistent development of IBD (Piechota-Polanczyk and Fichna, 2014; Guan, 2019; Shen et al., 2020; Zhang Z. et al., 2022; Ni et al., 2022).