HLA-C and neoplasm: It involves extracting the patient’s T cells and genetically engineering them by introducing chimeric antigen receptors, enabling these T cells to identify and eliminate cells expressing the homologous target antigen more effectively.97 Unlike traditional therapies, CAR-T cells can directly recognize tumor antigens, independent of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) restriction and tumor main histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression (Fig. 3).