In a POF mouse model, CTX significantly inhibited proliferation and induced senescence in ovarian granulosa cells accompanied by heightened expression of p53, p66Shc, and p16, potentially through the activation of the long non-coding RNA-Meg3-p53-p66Shc pathway (Xiong et al., 2017; Ai et al., 2023; Xu et al., 2023). Here, TP53 is linked to premature menopause.