Following CIS treatment, a decrease in the expression of antioxidants (SOD, GSH, CAT, Cu/Zn-SOD) and an increase in oxidized MDA and total nitric oxide (NOx) levels were observed in rat ovaries, suggesting that CIS induces ovarian toxicity through increased oxidative stress (Li et al., 2013; Meng et al., 2015; Chinwe et al., 2018; Soyman et al., 2018; Ibrahim et al., 2021; Al-Shahat et al., 2022; Mentese et al., 2022; Dinc et al., 2023). Here, CAT is linked to in situ carcinoma.