Tissue levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB, and IL-6 were also elevated in mouse and rat ovaries treated with CIS (Said et al., 2019; Ibrahim et al., 2021; Al-Shahat et al., 2022; Mentese et al., 2022; Dinc et al., 2023). Here, IL6 is linked to in situ carcinoma.