Codonopsis polysaccharide effectively reduces blood glucose in diabetic mice by inhibiting gluconeogenesis, boosting glycogen synthesis, and improving insulin sensitivity.[101]Codonopsis CLPS also counters insulin resistance triggered by a high-fat/high-sugar diet, leveraging its antioxidative properties,[102] while its neutral polysaccharide markedly boosts insulin secretion in INS-1 cells and decreases blood glucose in type 2 diabetic mice.[103]. Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.