SMAD3 and Hepatic fibrosis: [141] Additionally, Codonopsis polysaccharide reduces IFN-β expression and curtails the virulence of the duck hepatitis A virus,[142] and it shows potential in mitigating liver fibrosis by modulating TLR4/NF-κB and TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathways, suggesting its therapeutic application in treating liver fibrosis.[143]