IL1B and colitis: Specifically, EVs from Fasciola hepatica alter the immune response to protect against hyperinflammation by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and disabling the MAPK and NFκB innate immune signaling pathways.64 Similarly, EVs from N. brasiliensis protect against colitis-induced inflammation via suppression of key colitis-associated cytokines: IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-17A and simultaneous induction of anti-inflammatory IL-10.42 Some parasite-derived EVs protect from colitis by altering the polarization and subsequent activity of innate immune cells like macrophages.