APAF1 and neoplasm: Based on the literature, GADD45 and CASP9 are responsible for DNA repair and preventing apoptotic death early in development, respectively (E Tamura et al., 2012; Li et al., 2017) On the other hand, APAF‐1 and MCM2 promote tumour progression (Shakeri et al., 2017; Sun et al., 2022).