NGF and memory impairment: Researchers have suggested that electroacupuncture may treat early learning and memory impairment caused by diabetes by modulating the medial septum (MS)-hippocampal cholinergic circuitry, inhibiting excessive acetylcholine output from the medial septum (MS) to the hippocampus, enhancing M1 receptor activity, and rectifying nerve growth factor (NGF) and pro-nerve growth factor (proNGF) level imbalances in the medial septum (MS) and hippocampus (92).