TGFB1 and glioma: Previous results demonstrated that TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, and TGF-βR1 were expressed at higher levels in gliomas in the high MAP2K3 expression group, suggesting that high levels of MAP2K3 may convey immunosuppressive effects by activating the TGF-β signaling pathway, thereby promoting immune escape in gliomas with high MAP2K3 expression levels (Figures 8E–H).