CDH1 and cancer: Expression of membrane E-cad was associated with N stage (p = 0.002), cancer stage (p = 0.024), differentiation (p = 0.016), local metastasis (p = 0.041), lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.001), and perineural invasion (p = 0.010), and expression of stromal PN (p = 0.002), whereas nuclear E-cad was associated with M stage (p = 0.021), local metastasis (p = 0.007), and perineural invasion (p = 0.006) (S1 Table).