2,5­Dimethylcelecoxib (a derivative of celecoxib) may improve the TME of HCC by modulating gastrointestinal microbiota enrichment (Bacteroides acidifaciens, Odoribacter laneus and Odoribacter splanchnicus) in order to activate the AMPK–mTOR signalling pathway in CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and NK cells, thereby enhancing IFN‐γ secretion and inhibit PD‐1 expression.217. Here, CD8A is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.