TNF and diabetes mellitus: Kumar et al. found that compared to individuals with TB without DM (TB-NDM), those TB with DM (TB-DM) patients were characterized by enhanced cytokine response including higher interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) indicating chronic inflammation underlying diabetes potentially contributes to increased immune pathology and poor control of tuberculosis disease (10).