During ischemic stroke, dying/dead neurons release DAMPs, such as ATP, HMGB1, damaged DNA and peroxiredoxin family proteins, which can be recognized by PRRs, including Toll-like receptor TLR-2 and TLR-4, expressed by some innate immune cells, such as monocytes and macrophages (MMs), microglia and neutrophils (Shichita et al., 2012). Here, TLR4 is linked to ischemic stroke.