Additional studies have identified additional loci where enrichment of rare autosomal recessive (AR) or autosomal dominant (AD) variants in IFNAR1 (AR/AD), IFNAR2 (AD), IRF3 (AD), IRF7 (AR/AD), TBK1 (AD), TICAM1 (AD), TLR3 (AD), and UNC931 (AD), predispose ~3.5% of individuals with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection to critical COVID-19 pneumonia [31]. Here, IRF3 is linked to Alzheimer disease.