Although data from various databases support the anti-cancer properties of GHaK, various complex potential confounding factors such as age, gender, smoking and drinking habits, gene mutations, or coexisting diseases may influence the expressions of miR-4516, Wnt 8B, DVL3, FOSL1, CCNA1, CCNB1, CDK1, and CDK2 in tumor tissue. Here, CDK1 is linked to neoplasm.