In another in vitro human RPE cell study, this time on rhegmatogenous retinal detachment associated with choroidal detachment, introduction of C5a led to increased viability and aggravated inflammation in cells while also leading to downstream activation of a number of pro-inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6 [96]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is optic choroid disorder.