We searched full-length, freely accessible, English papers across the PubMed database (between January 2020 and January 2024) by using different combinations of keywords (within the title and/or abstract) such as “pancreas” (alternatively, “pancreatitis”, “insulin”, “insulin resistance”, “diabetes”, or “metabolic syndrome”) and “parathyroid” (alternatively, “calcium”, “hypercalcemia”, “primary hyperparathyroidism”, or “MEN”) (Figure 1). Here, INS is linked to metabolic syndrome.