ALK and leukemia: For example, somatic alterations in genes like anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), neurofibromatosis type 1(NF1), and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) primarily contribute to pathway deregulation in solid tumors, whereas in leukemias, mutations in fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) or p110α, phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 (PIK3R1), and RAS genes are more common.