CHAC1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Interestingly, a recent epigenome-wide DNA methylation study discovered low levels of DNA methylation within the CHAC1 region in T2DM patients, and CHAC1 knockdown by siRNA protected β-cells from apoptosis, suggesting that CHAC1 is involved in apoptosis triggered after endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis in β-cells fails to re-establish in different branches of the ER stress response [38].