CCL2 and hyperhomocysteinemia: Vascular biomarkers significantly associated with abnormal RHI were MCP-1 (<i>p</i> = 0.009), MIP_1a (<i>p</i> = 0.042), and homocysteinemia (<i>p</i> < 0.05).<h4>Conclusions</h4>A vascular mechanism may be responsible for cognitive problems pre-existing stroke.