Cai and collaborators have designed and synthesized the biomimetic cupper sulfide@phosphatidylcholine (CuS@PC) NPs loaded with pDNA encoding transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) to operate MSCs for increased osteoarthritis treatment via cartilage regeneration (Fig. 6A, B) [162]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and osteoarthritis.