TGFB1 and cancer: From this, it can be seen that TGF-β signaling is indeed context-dependent; similar to the role that TGF-β signaling plays in cancer with both pro- and anti-apoptotic pathway activation, in fibrosis, TGF-β signaling can result in the activation of pro- and anti-fibrotic pathways influenced by the cellular environment, the presence of other cytokines and growth factors, and the specific type of tissue involved [9].