SMAD2 and Sepsis: Although further studies are needed to assess its efficacy and safety, our study concluded that Nebivolol can be a novel candidate for mitigating the sepsis-induced kidney dysfunction and its protective potentiality is achieved by inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis through targeting TGF-β1/Smad2/3/p53 and TGF-β1/NF-κB signaling cascades (Supplementary Information S1).