Within these pathways, the responsive β cells displayed enrichment of the activity-induced transcription factor npas4a (32); scg2a, an insulin granule–associated gene implicated in β cell function (33, 34); as well as tspan7b, a transmembrane protein with roles in insulin secretion (35) whose human ortholog represents one of the auto-antigens associated with T1D (36). Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.