In addition, we also built a clinical diagnostic model by combining CA50, CA19‐9, and AFP, and the AUCs of the MODEL 2 were 0.893 (training cohort: 95% CI 0.853–0.933, specificity 96.0%, sensitivity 68.6%) and 0.872 (validation cohort: 95% CI 0.818–0.927, specificity 94.2%, sensitivity 64.6%), which were higher than those of the above tumor markers alone (Figure 6A,B). Here, AFP is linked to neoplasm.