Nonetheless, studies to distinguish cis- from trans-palmitoleic acid have a potential to further clarify the origin and physiological impact of palmitoleic acid in dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation as these isomers have been associated with unreconciled differential influences on chronic metabolic diseases such as obesity, hepatosteatosis, insulin sensitivity, and cardiovascular disease (reviewed in [24]). This evidence concerns the gene INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.