VCAM1 and triple-A syndrome: Other protective effects of EPA and DHA against AAA progression include reducing macrophage infiltration and the expression of inflammatory mediators such as chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β, MMP-2, MMP-9, calcification factor Tnfsf11, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in the aorta.