HMOX1 and Cognitive impairment: MSC-EVs alleviate cognitive impairment by suppressing hippocampal ferroptosis in dNCR-aged mice, mediated by stimulating heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1), and factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways [178].