IL1B and viral infectious disease: In fact, il-1β, which has not been induced by the viral infections in this study, has been proven to cause neurodegeneration in grouper brain [40], and tnf-α, which has been down-regulated by SaNNV infection (Figure 2), although it has been suggested to protect neurons in NNV-infected grouper cells [40], has also been proven to induce neuropathology associated with viral infections in mammals [41,42].