Gut-derived bacterial endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides; LPSs) that invade through high-fat-mediated intestinal leakage are increased under NASH conditions, and then trigger Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages [10]. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.